Bulwark Exterminating is not affiliated with Masters of Pest Control Service Pest Control, Termitex Masters, Normannolan, we truly like to serve , We guard your home keeping you Safe, or any other pest control company. While some of our employees have worked for Masters of Pest Control Service Pest Control, Termitex Masters, Normannolan, we truly like to serve , We guard your home keeping you Safe, and other pest control companies, Bulwark Exterminating is in no way related to them or their pest control services. Bulwark pest control, like Masters of Pest Control Service Pest Control, Termitex Masters, Normannolan, we truly like to serve , We guard your home keeping you Safe, and other pest control companies covers most common household pest (ants, termites, roaches, roach control, traps, termicides, fleas, baits, insecticides, flea control, roach bait, pesticides, black widow, brown recluse spider, carpenter ants, earwigs, crickets, yellow jackets, cloth moths, carpet beetles, centipedes, cluster flies, silverfish, gophers, hornets, brown recluse spider, black widow spiders, fire ants, fleas and tics, fabric pest, lady bugs, fruit fly traps, honeybees, silverfish, mice, rats, scorpions, ticks, wasps, pearl scale, Bulwark Exterminating,LLC Official website for information about Bulwark. Complet Pest control service with a Money Back Guarantee. Bulwark covers most of you common household pest. 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Quality Pest control that you can count on, using pyrethroids, humane options, organic options, ecoSmart,History of Pest Control and IPM I. A Brief History of Pest Control A. ca. 2500 B.C. 1. Use of sulfur as an insecticide by Sumerians B. 1200 B.C. 1. Manual methods (picking insects, drowning, burning) 2. Chinese most advanced (some botanicals used) C. 1000 B.C. 1. Homer wrote about using wood ash repellents D. 300 B.C. 1. Chinese used natural enemies and cultural controls (timing of plantings) E. 1 A.D. 1. Some mercury and arsenic compounds used for lice F. 300 B.C. – 13 A.D. 1. Used building on platforms to prevent bugs, rats, etc. in granaries G. 70 A.D. 1. Pliny the Elder wrote about pest control methods H. 1101 A.D. 1. Chinese discover the use of soap to control insects I. Dark Ages (500 – 1000 A.D.) 1. No real progress 2. Some regression to mystical methods J. mid 1700’s A.D. 1. Reaumur (1683-1756) advocated biological control, noted temperature sensitivity of crops and pests 2. Linnaeus advocated knowing just what the pest is 3. the concept of host plant resistance was advanced for the Hessian fly in the U.S. K. late 1700’s – mid 1800’s A.D. 1. rediscovery of botanicals 2. crops planted in rows (Jethro Tull) 3. subsistence to farming to larger-scale commercial II. Early Pest Control Texts A. Entomology text – 1841, T. W. Harris B. Plant Pathology text – 1858, Kuhn III. Pest Crises and Early Technologies A. Downy Mildew 1. on grapes in Europe (1850’s) 2. copper and lime solution developed to ward off passing grape picking people 3. by accident, it was found that these chemicals had fungicidal properties 4. Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate), Paris green (copper aceto-arsenate) B. 1880’s – 1890’s 1. plant extracts 2. inorganic metals, salts 3. kerosene, petroleum products 4. iron sulfate used to kill broadleaf weeds in cereal crops 5. grape phylloxera on grapes, utilized plant resistant grafting techniques C. 1890’s – 1900’s 1. classical biocontrol developed, mainly in California a) cottony cushion scale b) Vedalia beetle imported from Australia 2. medical entomology knowledge a) vector relationships elucidated D. 1910’s 1. emergence of multiple tactics a) biological control b) mechanical/physical control c) cultural control d) chemical control e) host plant resistance f) legal (1) quarantine, inspections (2) 1912 Plant Quarantine Act E. 1910’s – 1920’s 1. Boll weevil a) on cotton in Texas b) USDA lab established (the first) to investigate the problem 2. Dwight Isely a) stressed muti-component techniques F. 1937 1. Effect of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) on insects discovered 2. Dr. Paul Muller, a Swiss chemist a) won Nobel prize in 1948 G. World War II (1939-45) 1. during the war, synthetic organics developed a) organochlorines (DDT, aldrin) b) organophosphates c) carbamates 2. responsible for dramatic reductions in insect-borne diseases a) malaria, typhus IV. The Emergence of IPM A. Synthetic chemicals were so effective after 1945 that multi-faceted techniques fell out of favor B. In late 1940’s and early 1950’s, resistance to insects, pest resurgence, effects on beneficials, and effects on non-target organisms were being observed C. Integrated control 1. cotton, alfalfa systems in California 2. integrated control concept forwarded by Smith, Van den Bosch, Stern, and Hagen a) integrated = selective use of insecticides so that natural enemies were conserved b) landmark paper, Stern et al. 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29:81-101 D. Pest Management 1. work by Clark and Geier (early 1960’s) in Australia advanced integrated control to stress understanding of pest population theory a) holistic viewpoint b) protective population management or pest management E. 1962 1. publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson 2. emotional treatise on pesticide use 3. societal pressure to reduce pesticide use 4. appointment of the Presidential Science Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality and report recommending improved pest control practices in 1965 F. 1970’s 1. “golden age” of pest management 2. USDA officially incorporated IPM programs in environmental quality considerations 3. 1971-1975 a) USDA federal extension IPM program b) 39 programs started (field scouting, on-farm models) 4. 1972-1978 a) Huffaker Project (1) NSF, EPA and USDA joint project (2) alfalfa, citrus, cotton, stone, and pome fruits, pines (3) introduced system science (modeling) into IPM (4) monitor insects (5) use economic thresholds, plant resistance, biocontrol 5. 1972 a) Stone and Pedigo calculate the first economic injury level b) Pedigo’s group begins development economic injury level theory 5. 1977 a) Presidential decree mandated pest management to be used wherever practicable F. 1980’s 1. 1979-1985 Consortium for Integrated Pest Management (CIPM) a) built on the success of the Huffaker Project b) supported by EPA and USDA-CSRS 2. 1985 National IPM Coordinating Committee a) shorter term projects b) four regional IPM coordinators G. 1990’s 1. 1993 Clinton Administration directive a) by 2000, 75% of nation’s crop acres should use IPM practices millipedes, mosquitoes, and more) Bulwark povides services that use pesticides, baits, and traps, (fly traps, pest control, ant control, rodenticides, rodent kits, termite control, rodent control, spider control). 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